By JOSEPH AL-SHANNIEK
This summer I had the incredible opportunity to study religion and politics with a Boston College (BC) contingent in the Islamic state of Turkey, a country with thousands of years of history wrapped in tales of triumph and oppression. Our class was led by a BC theology professor and two Jesuits studying at the institution.
While returning from the Asian side of Turkey one day, I was approached by a conservative young man who described himself as a Turkish nationalist. Finding out that I was Greek-American, he informed me he hates “Americans and Greeks” while ignoring the part of me who is ethnically half Jordanian. It could be said that his assertion was rooted in the poor relationship between the East and West and also in the fact that Greeks and Turks traditionally have had poor relations since the besieging of Constantinople in 1453 by the Ottoman Empire.
Nonetheless, in this decade (2000- present) alone, relations between Turkey and Greece have begun to improve by means of the successful 2004 Olympics in Greece which helped spark economic growth and the joint building project of an oil pipeline being underwritten by the Turks, Greeks and Italians that will extend across Europe once complete.
Turkish people are taught to feel a strong sense of nationalism from a young age and to revere Ataturk (“Father of Turkey”), a man who made Turkey the “secular state” it claims to be. He saw the importance of beginning dialogue between the East and West. The Turkish state he took over was plagued by a tumultuous history of conquest and socio-political upheaval over the centuries between the Ottomans and Greeks among others. Even though Ataturk supposedly made Turkey secular, the only officially recognized and funded religion happens to be Islam.
While disembarking from the ferry I was very nervous due to the conversation I had just experienced with the Turkish man because I had read and heard numerous accounts of violence, bombings and a lack of civility or respect toward people of diverse backgrounds in Turkey. Such has been the case in recent years against Christian and Jewish people and religious institutions. One of these institutions is the Ecumenical Patriarchate of the Orthodox Church located in Istanbul.
Thus, I wanted to get away from the ferry and the young confronter for this reason. His antagonistic demeanor appeared to be rooted in what is taught to adolescent Turkish citizens at an early age. The reverence for Turkey ingrained in young people is unlike the nationalism and a sense of pride schooled to us Americans when we are students in school. We retain our right to form independent opinions about American government, whereas in Turkey I was surprised to find out that it is illegal to speak against the government. Perhaps I was a bit naïve. Turkish society is not truly secular because nationalism is coupled with religious courses that strictly teach Islam to students in schools funded by the government. These courses are about the Islamic tradition and strictly geared to Muslims, who according to the Lonely Planet Guide Book, make up 98 percent of the population.
The next step in Turkey’s state-funded religious programs lies in its investment in approximately 80,000 mosques that are fully funded by the government. In the United States, at pre- and secondary schools, religion is only taught in private schools and patriotism is not linked with religious courses in the public school system.
The present-day economy of Turkey, the hospitality of most if its people and the freedom to practice Islam are strong here. Mosques seem to be at every corner in the major cities of Istanbul and Ankara. During my visit, I found these positives to be unfortunately overshadowed by a lack of liberties for minority populations and religions, which have been driven out and are not a part of the state-funded school system. This lack of respect struck a chord in me when our student group from BC had a personal audience with the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church while in Istanbul. This holy man was humble, gracious and open to all peoples in spite of his precarious circumstance.
Even though my young Turkish antagonist may have walked away knowing that Americans generally have an open mind to all people, cultures and religious beliefs, the same could not be said of him and perhaps too many of his contemporaries. In his country, there is a degree of censorship and a lack of religious freedom for minorities and social liberties for citizens. (I was informed by some readings that insulting “Turkishness” in Turkey may result in prosecution.) Thus I found it sad though not surprising that Turkey’s government subjugates the Ecumenical Patriarch to state norms.
When we went to meet with the Grand Mufti (Islamic religious leader) in Istanbul, I asked him about Turkey’s treatment of religious and ethnic minorities and he responded to me by saying “Bartholomeos [the Ecumenical Patriarch] likes to think of himself as the Ecumenical Patriarch ... . We do not acknowledge him as so… [and] Turkey has the same religious freedom as in America.” This was like him saying that Turkey does not acknowledge the Pope as the Pope or the Dalai Lama as leader of Tibetans. The Mufti also stated that “the problems facing the Kurds have been solved.”
In the European Union (EU) Parliament’s recent February 2008 publication “Religious Freedom in Turkey: Situation of Religious Minorities” reference is made to the Turkish government’s stance on religious freedom as “suspicious.” Since 1971, Turkey has sadly repossessed churches and synagogues owned by the religious minorities of the state and created a vacuum of power in favor of only one religion, Islam. Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism have practically been obliterated. All property and rights of these faiths have been strategically absorbed by the state without allowing legal appeals. Turkey’s Supreme Court has ruled that religions other than Islam will not function or be recognized by its government; they may simply exist but not thrive.
The religious minorities cannot improve their buildings of worship without extensive lobbying, cannot have gift shops in their offices (as is the case of the Holy Patriarchate) due to tax issues for unrecognized religious sects, cannot dress in clerical clothing in public if they are not dressed as Muslims, and cannot train seminarians in Turkey anymore.
Currently the Ecumenical Patriarchate and his followers appear to be facing extinction by the Turkish government. The Roman Catholic Church faces similar circumstances. The Archbishop of Cologne recently urged Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey to reopen one of its confiscated churches in Tarsus, the home city of Saint Paul. Such has not and most likely will not occur.
In addition to his strong relationship with the late Pope John Paul II and current Pope Benedict XVI, Patriarch Bartholomew the leader of about 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide, seeks to create bridges with all people of faith, including Jews and Muslims. He has been a part of at least 21 major global symposiums promoting inter- religious dialogue since 1986 and meets with Jewish, Muslim and Christian leaders worldwide regularly.
Most recently, Bartholomew was acknowledged by Time Magazine as the 11th Most Influential person in our world due to his concern for humanity and for ecological and political rights. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is like the Dalai Lama or the Pope in trying to establish a world united in harmony. In 1997 the Patriarch was awarded the U.S. Congressional Gold Medal, joining past recipients that included only three other religious figures: the Dalai Lama, Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is commonly referred to as the “Green Patriarch” by governments and by the media worldwide for his efforts to raise awareness of the sacredness of our Earth, which is threatened by global warming and other catastrophic environmental activities.
Patriarch Bartholomew has studied in several parts of the world to gain a more wholesome religious and diplomatic understanding of diverse people. The Archbishop of Canterbury, head of the Anglican Church, wrote in a Time Magazine 2008 excerpt that “Patriarch Bartholomew…has turned the relative political weakness of the office into a strength, stak[ing] out a clear moral and spiritual vision that is not tangled up in … balances of power.” This is the kind of office the Turkish government subjugates by closing down the Church’s orphanages and seminary on the island of Heybeliada.
The Turkish government does a fine job in providing amenities to tourists and to the only religion it recognizes and funds (Islam). It falls far short of providing liberty for all its peoples, which include such minorities as Jews, Armenians, Kurds and Greeks and who it seemingly hopes will simply lose their religious identity under the laws of the government and eventually disappear.
As the first installed Islamic state to the EU, Turkey should free itself of intolerance and set an example to the world by granting institutions like the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Catholic Church and Jewish synagogues more freedom and true autonomy to run and update their seminaries, orphanages and churches that can serve as beacons of peace for the world.
In the commentary of the Ecumenical Patriarch’s most recent book, former U.S. Secretary of State Albright, says that “The Ecumenical Patriarch is renowned as a bridge-builder.” Turkey’s government should act as more of a “bridge builder” with its diverse populations and in support of furthering dialogue and respect between East and West. It can find no better example than its own Orthodox Patriarch.
Until such occurs and Turkish leaders enhance tolerance and freedom of choice for their people and true love of mankind, should they be accepted into international communities of free nations such as the EU? The question must be reviewed and answered.
The author is a graduate of Boston College and St. Basil Academy in Garrison, New York.